![]() ![]() ![]() Skull fractures may range from a simple nose fracture (one in the Abbreviated Injury Scale, AIS) to a five to six for depressed skull fractures that usually result in a subdural hematoma (SDH), with bones penetrating and tearing veins within the subdural space or, in the worst-case scenario, crushing the cranium. Head injuries play a significant role, being also one of the main outcomes of work accidents. Road traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of mortality in the world, resulting in approximately 1.35 million deaths. Accelerations, impact forces, and fracture patterns are used to validate the skull model. Several validations are performed, comparing the simulation results with experimental results available in the literature at several levels: (i) local material validation (ii) blunt trauma from direct impact against stationary skull (iii) three impacts at different velocities simulating falls (iv) blunt ballistic temporoparietal head impacts. These structures are modeled with constitutive models that consider the non-linear behavior of skull bones and also the nature of their failure. In this work, a new skull model is developed for the authors’ head model, the YEAHM, based on the original outer geometry, but segmenting it with sutures, diploë, and cortical bone, having variable thickness across different head sections and based on medical craniometric data. ![]() The skull, despite playing a major role in direct head impacts, is often overlooked and simplified. However, most of the attention has been devoted to the brain and other intracranial structures. Computational models of the human head have been developed over the years, reaching high levels of detail, complexity, and precision. The human head is a complex multi-layered structure of hard and soft tissues, governed by complex materials laws and interactions. ![]()
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